Standard Sewing Machine Company
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322 West 85th Street House
Situated on the south side of West 85th Street between West End Avenue and Riverside Drive, the distinctive three-story 322 West 85th Street House — one house in a row of six houses — was planned by the noted architect Clarence True and was constructed for speculator-builder Charles G. Judson in 1892, at a time when the blocks in the West Eighties between West End Avenue and Riverside Drive were first developed. The overall design composition of this house is part of the A-B-A-A-B-A facade pattern of the row, and the 322 West 85th Street House represents a refined example of the Italian Renaissance style adapted to the requirements of the American basement plan, popularized on the Upper West Side by the architect Clarence True. This facade is a well-conceived and finely executed design. Its spare and well-cut ornament demonstrate great respect for the inherent quality of its exterior fabric — Maynard red sandstone, light orange Roman brick, and red pantiles. Indeed, the polychromy of these materials is an essential element of the facade’s design. No. 322 West 85th Street has been changed very little since 1892 and retains much of its original ironwork and decorative door hardware.
The Development of the Upper West Side
The evolution of the present appearance of West 85th Street between West End Avenue and Riverside Drive is a reflection of the Upper West Side’s greater development pattern. Largely undeveloped until the 1880s, the area was known as "Bloomingdale" prior to urbanization and was comprised of working farms in the eighteenth century and landed estates in the early nineteenth century. While included in the Commissioner’s Map of 1811, which platted a grid of avenues and streets in Manhattan as far north as 155th Street, the area remained essentially rural and most of the streets were not laid out until after the Civil War. The creation of Central Park beginning in 1857 contributed to the growth of the areas around the Park’s perimeter, but improved public transportation spurred the area’s sustained development onward. In particular, the Ninth Avenue (Colunibus Avenue) Elevated Railroad, completed in 1879 with stations at 72nd, 81st, 93rd, and 104th Streets, encouraged the area’s growth. However, the biggest boost to the development of the West End, the area west of Broadway, was the creation, between 1876 and 1900, of Riverside Drive and Park (now a designated New York City Scenic Landmark) north of 72nd Street. Following the Financial Panic of 1873, development proceeded slowly but by 1885 the Upper West Side had become the scene of the city’s most intense real estate speculation.
The tract now including the westernmost blocks of West 85th Street, once a portion of the Oliver DeLancey farm which was conveyed to John H. Rowland in 1825, was not partitioned into lots until 1850. Subsequently, a parcel of four lots, each 25 by 100 feet, along West 85th Street’s south side (comprising lots 40 through 43) was sold twice, in 1872 and in 1887. This parcel corresponds to the row at 316 through 326 West 85th Street. It should be noted that this site is located on a gentle rise from West End Avenue west to Riverside Drive.
The Rowhouse and the Speculative Builder
The earliest Upper West Side rowhouse speculators owned the property on which the houses were constructed; Edward S. Clark, President of the Singer Sewing Machine Company, who commissioned Henry J. Hardenbergh to design the row at 41 to 49 West 73rd Street in 1879-80, has been cited as an example of this trend. The speculative builder followed close behind. Such a builder, often in concert with a property owner, would employ an architect with whom he often worked in partnership. Each received his share of the profit when the improved properties were sold. Charles G. Judson was listed as the owner at the time the New Building Application was filed for 322 West 85th Street and the other five houses in this row of six buildings — April 21, 1892. Judson’s architect for this commission, and for at least seven others, was Clarence True with whom he shared a business address at 102 West 82nd Street from 1892 until 1897.
A measure of how concentrated the development climate was throughout the city was the common practice among rowhouse developers of purchasing groups of lots and reconfiguring them, thus maximizing the number of houses within the row by building the houses narrower than the standard twenty-five foot lot. Judson subdivided these four lots on the south side of West 85th Street into six, each measuring sixteen feet, eight inches in width.
The Architect
Born in Massachusetts, Clarence Fagan True (1860-1928) received his earliest professional experience in New York in the office of Richard Michel 1 Upjohn (1828-1903), son of Richard Upjohn (1802-1878), one of this country’s leading Gothic Revival architects. True began his architectural training in the Upjohn of
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